learning english

 Belajar bahasa sangat penting terutama bahasa inggris, karena bahasa inggris adalah bahasa yang digunakan oleh seluruh masyarakat dunia untuk berkomunikasi (bahasa internasional), bahasa inggris sangat dibutuhkan dalam berbisnis,berpergian dan berkomunikasi dengan masyarakat luar, kalian bisa berbicara dan berkomunikasi dengan orang lain di berbagai belahan dunia dengan bahasa inggris

Language is a key staple for human life on this earth, because of the language people can interact with each other and the language is a resource for social life. The language can be used if mutual understanding or mutual understanding are closely related to the use of language resources that we have, We can understand the intent and purposes of others speak or talk when we listen carefully to what is said

by step in learning English

Learn English to Use it!
You will become an expert English speaker!
Many people study English for many years. Even after years of studying, they go to an English speaking country and realize that they cannot say one sentence correctly. This is going to change for people who finish this course. You will be able to speak English in many different situations. This site will give you the foundation you need to communicate effectively in English.

Speak English fluently without thinking about the rules and logic.
You need to mimic correct sentences over and over again.
Do you have to memorize English or do you have to understand the English to speak it? Let's first think about how people learn their first language. When you were little, you listened to your parents speak and you copied them. Over the years, people have tried to learn English like they learn a concept or a theory. They try to understand the meaning behind each sentence and try to put them together through logic. If you are studying to pass the GMAT or TOEFL or any other test, then you will have to try to understand every word of every sentence and know why each word is in a particular place. But when you speak English, you don't need to know any rules. The more rules and logic you think about, the harder time you will have. The best way to learn to speak English is to memorize. First, have a sentence that is correct. Listen to the sentence, repeat the sentence over and over again until it becomes a part of you.

Did you learn to speak through all the classes you took?
Don't worry any longer. TalkEnglish.com will be your guide to speaking English.
Being able to speak English is more difficult than people realize. If you have bought many books and attended many classes in English only to get disappointed and discouraged, you can be confident that TalkEnglish.com will be different. Anybody who completes this program will have the ability to speak to anyone in any situation.

Are you talking after thinking about all the words?
You have to speak without thinking instantly.
When I ask you for your background information in your language, you don't have to think about each word that you are going to say. You are basically thinking about the content. When you know what you want to say, you can say it automatically. This is because you have everything already memorized. When you want to speak effectively in English, you have to recall information immediately. In order to do so, you must have the sentences already memorized. If you have something memorized, you will be able to say it immediately. For example, you probably learned how to say, 'How are you doing?' You don't have to think about this sentence because you practiced it so many times. Imagine if you can say other things as quickly as you can say 'How are you doing?" That is what you will be learning.

Practice with sentences that are most commonly used.
TalkEnglish.com does not contain any awkward sentences.
All the content on this site is the most commonly used sentences that everyone will understand. In many text books, there are many sentences that are awkward. Because you do not know which ones are proper or not, you might be wasting time and energy on sentences that are not used. With TalkEnglish.com, you will only be studying sentences that are used frequently and by everyone. You don't have to worry about memorizing thousands of sentences that you are not sure about.

Learning listening skills will not improve your speaking skills.
TalkEnglish.com focuses solely on teaching you how to speak in English.
Many people study television news programs to improve spoken English. Your listening skills will improve, but your speaking abilities will stay the same. Ask if studying news will help you speak English in a normal setting. If you practice saying, "In Iraq today, 200 US troops have evacuated the perimeter near Baghdad due to constant surprise attacks by the remaining rebels", will it really help you speak to a regular English speaking person. Wouldn't you rather learn how to say something that will be used in daily conversation?

street vendors

Vital Contributors to Urban Economies 

Street vendors are an integral part of urban economies around the world, offering easy access to a wide range of goods and services in public spaces. They sell everything from fresh vegetables to prepared foods, from building materials to garments and crafts, from consumer electronics to auto repairs to haircuts.

Contributions

The Informal Economy Monitoring Study (IEMS) revealed ways in which street vendors in five cities strengthen their communities:

·         Most street vendors provide the main source of income for their households, bringing food to their families and paying school fees for their children.

·         These informal workers have strong linkages to the formal economy. Over half the IEMS sample said they source the goods they sell from formal enterprises. Many customers work in formal jobs.

·         Many vendors try to keep the streets clean and safe for their customers and provide them with friendly personal service.

·         Street vendors create jobs, not only for themselves but for porters, security guards, transport operators, storage providers, and others.

·         Many generate revenue for cities through payments for licenses and permits, fees and fines, and certain kinds of taxes. This was true of two thirds of street vendors in the IEMS sample.

Street trade also adds vibrancy to urban life and in many places is considered a cornerstone of historical and cultural heritage. Yet street vendors face many challenges, are often overlooked as economic agents and unlike other businesses, are hindered rather than helped by municipal policies and practices.

Related Reading

Roever, Sally. 2014. IEMS Sector Report: Street Vendors. WIEGO.

See the latest news from around the globe about street vendors.

Street vendors are a large and very visible workforce in cities, yet it is difficult to accurately estimate their numbers. Official statistics are available for some countries, though they may underestimate the population engaged in street vending (see Challenges of Gathering Statistics on Street Vendors). 

Street trade accounts for a significant proportion of informal non-agricultural employment in Africa. Street vendors make up 13 per cent in Dakar, Senegal; 19 per cent in Cotonou, Benin; and 24 per cent in Lomé, Togo.

In some Asian and Latin American cities, street vendors form a large portion of the urban workforce:

·         Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam: 11 per cent

·         Lima, Peru: 9 per cent

National level statistics reveal that street vendors account for 11 per cent of total urban employment in India and 15 per cent in South Africa.

Related Reading

ILO and WIEGO. 2013. Women and Men in the Informal Economy: A Statistical Picture. 2nd Edition. ILO.

Herrera, Javier, Mathias Kuépié, Christophe J. Nordman,Xavier Oudin and François Roubaud. 2012. Informal Sector and Informal Employment: Overview of Data for 11 Cities in 10 Developing Countries. WIEGO.

Women’s Work

In many countries, especially in Africa, the majority of street vendors are women: 88 per cent in Ghana, 68 per cent in South Africa, and 63 per cent in Kenya (ILO and WIEGO 2013). Only in a few countries where cultural norms restrict women’s economic activities do women account for 10 per cent or less of street vendors.

Available evidence suggests a higher share of women than men sell perishable goods (Roever 2014), which are more likely than other goods to spoil or to be confiscated. Other research has shown that women street vendors typically earn less than men—and in many countries, less than half as much as men (Chen and Snodgrass 2001).

Low barriers to entry, limited start-up costs, and flexible hours are some of the factors that draw street vendors to the occupation. Many people enter street vending because they cannot find a job in the formal economy.

But surviving as a street vendor requires a certain amount of skill. Competition among vendors for space in the streets and access to customers is strong in many cities. And vendors must be able to negotiate effectively with wholesalers and customers.

Street trade can offer a viable livelihood, but earnings are low and risks are high for many vendors, especially those who sell fresh fruits and vegetables (Roever 2014). Having an insecure place of work is a significant problem for those who work in the streets. Lack of storage, theft or damage to stock are common issues.

By-laws governing street trade can be confusing and licenses hard to get, leaving many street vendors vulnerable to harassment, confiscations and evictions. The IEMS research found that even vendors with a license had trouble finding a secure vending location, and those following the regulations sometimes had their goods confiscated. Learn more aboutStreet Vendors and The Law .

Occupational Health and Safety

Working outside, street vendors and their goods are exposed to strong sun, heavy rains and extreme heat or cold. Unless they work in markets, most don’t have shelter or running water and toilets near their workplace. Inadequate access to clean water is a major concern of prepared food vendors.

Street vendors face other routine occupational hazards. Many lift and haul heavy loads of goods to and from their point of sale. Market vendors are exposed to physical risk due to a lack of proper fire safety equipment, and street vendors are exposed to injury from the improper regulation of traffic in commercial areas.

Insufficient waste removal and sanitation services result in unhygienic market conditions and undermine vendors’ sales as well as their health, and that of their customers. Read about a project to address occupational health and safety issues in Warwick Junction, South Africa here.

Meet an indigenous caterer in a market in Accra, Ghana.

Vulnerability to Economic Downturns

Economic downturns have a big impact on vendors’ earnings. In 2009, an Inclusive Cities research project found many street vendors reported a drop in consumer demand and an increase in competition as the newly unemployed turned to vending for income.

A second round of research, done in 2010, found demand had not recovered for most vendors, and many had to raise prices due to the higher cost of goods. Competition had increased further as large retailers aggressively tried to attract customers.

The 2012 Informal Economy Monitoring Study confirmed that rising prices and increased competition were still affecting street vendors in several cities. Vendors said their stock was more expensive, but they had difficulty passing on rising costs to consumers, who expect to negotiate low prices on the streets. More competition means vendors take home lower earnings.

For more information and links to reports, see The Global Economic Crisis & the Urban Informal Economy

Street vending generates enormous controversy in cities throughout the world (Bromley 2000). Debates involve registration and taxation, individual vs. collective rights, health and safety regulations – especially where food is involved – and urban planning and governance. See Street Vending: Key Debates. 

Urban policies and local economic development strategies rarely prioritize livelihood security for informal workers. Urban renewal projects, infrastructure upgrades and mega events routinely displace street vendors from natural markets, leaving the most vulnerable without a workplace.

Good practice documentation shows vendors can help with urban management challenges like crime and cleaning. Also, basic infrastructure – shelters, toilets, electricity and water – can both improve vendor work environments and make public space safer, more comfortable and aesthetically pleasing.

Some cities are working with street vendors’ organizations to formulate innovative policies, programmes and practices that enable vendors to have a voice in making their cities more inclusive.

Bangkok is possibly one of the world’s “jewels” when it comes to selling goods and services in public spaces both day and night. Vending in Public Space: The Case of Bangkok (Yasmeen and Nirathron 2014) examines how this situation came to be, especially given the country’s evolving political and economic agenda.

Related Reading

Kumar, Randhir. 2012. The Regularization of Street Vending in Bhubaneshwar,stee India: A Policy Model. WIEGO Policy Brief (Urban Policies) No. 7.

Membership-based organizations help street vendors navigate their relationship with the authorities, build solidarity and solve problems with other vendors. Several have developed innovative ways to work with cities to keep the streets clean and safe while gaining a secure livelihood for vendors.

Examples include:

·         The Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) and the National Association of Street Vendors of India (NASVI), members of the WIEGO Network, were instrumental in making India’s National Law on Street Vending a reality. This national law recognizes, regulates and protects the livelihoods of street vendors. Read about their struggle in theWIEGO MBO newsletter (April 2014).

·         In Durban, South Africa, street vendor organizations came together (supported by Asiye eTafuleni, StreetNet, unions and other civil society organizations) to fight the threat that the Warwick Junction market would be demolished to make way for a formal mall. Read Saving the “Mother Market”.

Sumber : http://wiego.org/informal-economy/occupational-groups/street-vendors

“BEING GLOBAL LEADER IN ISLAMIC FINANCE”

Resume Seminar Ekonomi Syariah “BEING GLOBAL LEADER IN ISLAMIC FINANCE”

Resume kuliah umum Ekonomi Syariah pada hari Senin tanggal 4 Mei 2015 dengan pembicara Bapak Ronald Rulindo, Ph.D

      Industri Perbankan Syariah mulanya terjadi tahun 1960-an di Mesir, sedangkan di Indonesia thn 1990-an oleh Bank Muamalat. Definisi orang kaya dalam islam bukanlah mengenai materi yang berlimpah tetapi orang yang selalu merasa diri-nya cukup dan selalu bersyukur.

           Islamic Finance

Adalah suatu ilmu yang mempelajari ekonomi khususnya dibidang keuangan dan yang diatur berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip atau ajaran-ajaran agama islam. Tujuannya ialah agar kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh orang-orang yang ada di dunia tidak melanggar aturan-aturan agama.

        Tujuan Ekonomi Syariah

Tujuan ekonomi syariah adalah mengentaskan kemiskinan dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Dengan ekonomi syariah akan meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi.

         Riba

Bank Islam, ialah sebuah lembaga keuangan yang menjalankan operasinya menurut hukum Islam. Sudah tentu bank Islam tidak memakai sistem bunga, sebuah bunga dilarang oleh Islam.

Ada beberapa alasan mengapa riba tidak diperbolehkan, yaitu sebagai berikut:

1.      Karena riba tidak adil

2.      Riba berdampak pada krisis ekonomi

3.      Menyebabkan kemalasan

         Apa yang Harus di Lakukan untuk Menjadi Global Finance

1.     Niatkan dahulu

2.     Memperluas wawasan

3.     Meningkatkan pengetahuan

4.     Bangunlah visi

5.     Istiqomah

6.     Lakukanlah bersama-sama

         Meningkatkan Kualitas Syariah Governance

1.      Kualitas Fatwa perlu ditingkatkan

2.      Proses persetujuan produk baru harus dipercepat

3.      Ketentuan mengenai pengawasan atas kepatuhan syariah dipertegas

4.      Peran dewan pengawas syariah diperkuat

5.      Perlu dibentuk ISCU dan ISRU

      Strengthening, Harmonizing, Regulation, and Supervision

1.      Perlunya keserasian antara hukum yang berlaku dengan ketentuan syariah

2.      Peraturan yang dibuat oleh Lembaga Pengawas Perbankan harus mendorong dilaksanakannya prinsip syariah dengan sepenuhnya

3.      Peraturan dan pengawasan yang dibuat dan dilaksanakan harus mengakomodasi ciri khas dari institusi, produk, dan jasa keuangan syariah

4.      Corrective action yang tegas terhadap pelanggaran atas kepatuhan terhadap prinsip syariah harus dijelaskan

5.      Peraturan yang dibuat memberikan insentif pada lembaga keuangan syariah

       

    

    

    

           

active and pasive sentence

Active / Passive Verb Forms

Sentences can be active or passive. Therefore, tenses also have "active forms" and "passive forms." You must learn to recognize the difference to successfully speak English.

Active Form

In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.

[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]

Passive Form

In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.

[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]

Active / Passive Overview

	Active	Passive
Simple Present	Once a week, Tom cleans the house.	Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.
Present Continuous	Right now, Sarah is writing the letter.	Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.
Simple Past	Sam repaired the car.	The car was repaired by Sam.
Past Continuous	The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.	The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.
Present Perfect	Many tourists have visited that castle.	That castle has been visited by many tourists.
Present Perfect Continuous	Recently, John has been doing the work.	Recently, the work has been being done by John.
Past Perfect	George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.	Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license.
Past Perfect Continuous	Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris.	The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.
Simple Future will	Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM.	The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
Simple Future be going to	Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.	A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.
Future Continuous will	At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes.	At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John.
Future Continuous be going to	At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be washing the dishes.	At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be being washed by John.
Future Perfect will	They will have completed the project before the deadline.	The project will have been completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect be going to	They are going to have completed the project before the deadline.	The project is going to have been completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect Continuous will	The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.	The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Future Perfect Continuous be going to	The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.	The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Used to	Jerry used to pay the bills.	The bills used to be paid by Jerry.
Would Always	My mother would always make the pies.	The pies would always be made by my mother.
Future in the Past Would	I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM.	I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM.
Future in the Past Was Going to	I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.	I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Sally tonight.

sumber : http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/activepassive.html

My hobbies

Kusdiantoro/14211050/4EA25

My hobbies

I will introduce myself, my name is kusdiantoro. I am a person who has many hobbies. Such as fishing, singing and swimming.

My first hobby is fishing.

I fishing first time at 7 years old when my father took me out with him for my first fishing party. Since then I’ve enjoyed every type of fishing expedition (sea and river).

First, I make my equipment ready:

I take my fishing rod, a reel, baits, my lures, landing-nets, scissors, a knife, worms, hooks, a rag. At dawn, I go and find the best spot. I use many types of lures: - soft baits to catch fish. - hard baits to catch deep living fish. - swim baits which stay ten centimetres under the surface of the water for pikes. – spoons: silver baits which produce waves under the surface of the water. This is how I can catch white fish like bloating, snapper and tuna. These fish are the favourite preys of big pikes.

The fisher has to adapt his gestures according to the bait he uses and to the fish.

A good fisher must be patient, concentrated; he has to be silent and to be a good observer. I often fish in summer and I practise rod and reel fishing most of the time. When the water is hotter fish come near the shore and it’s easier to catch them.

Fishing time is regulated in order to give fish enough time to reproduce.

I like fishing because I can forget my worries and my everyday life. My mind is focused on the float and there is no bigger pleasure than to feel your arms vibrating when the fish gets the bait.

My second hobby is singing, I like singing so much. Actually I can’t live without singing. Singing can make me feel good in everywhere and anytime. Singing always give me new spirit to live.

So many thing make me like singing. First, I have a good vocal. Beside that, singing always make me happy and feels better. I can smile if I sing. And the last and very important, singing can refresh my mind. Singing can make me forget my problems.

I don’t sing all music genre. I just like singing pop, pop alternative or melodic genre. Sometimes I singing dangdut also.

In the morning I always listen to music from my laptop. And sure, I can follow to sing. I have strange habit. I like singing in bath room when I take a bath. Sometimes I scream without consciousness.

I really love singing. I like go to karaoke with my friends. If I sing with my friends I always forget the time.

Swimming is a sport that attracts all different types of participants, from skilled competitiors to young children. It is a relatively injury-free sport that has been proven to be one of the best sports for your health. Swimming is an aerobic exercise that works out your whole body and is easy on your joints which is why it can be enjoyed by all different age groups. Swimming is a hobby that I have been doing since I seven years old. My parents introduced me to swimming in swimming pool near my house and it has been one of my favorite hobbies for as long as I can remember. I enjoy swimming because it is very relaxful, helps me get in shape, and you can even add all different types of sports like basketball and volleyball along with being in the water to make it more fun! Swimming has four different strokes: freestyle, breast, butterfly, and backstroke. This is my hobby, what’s your hobby?

Contoh Kasus Monopoli dan Oligopoli

Contoh Kasus Monopoli :

Contoh kasus monopoli yang dilakukan oleh PT. PLN adalah:Fungsi PT. PLN sebagai pembangkit, distribusi, dan transmisi listrik mulai dipecah. Swasta diizinkan berpartisipasi dalam upaya pembangkitan tenaga listrik. Sementara untuk distribusi dan transmisi tetap ditangani PT. PLN. Saat ini telah ada 27 Independent Power Producer di Indonesia. Mereka termasuk Siemens, General Electric, Enron, Mitsubishi, Californian Energy, Edison Mission Energy, Mitsui & Co, Black & Veath Internasional, Duke Energy, Hoppwell Holding, dan masih banyak lagi. Tetapi dalam menentukan harga listrik yang harus dibayar masyarakat tetap ditentukan oleh PT. PLN sendiri.Krisis listrik memuncak saat PT. Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PT. PLN) memberlakukan pemadaman listrik secara bergiliran di berbagai wilayah termasuk Jakarta dan sekitarnya, selama periode 11-25 Juli 2008. Hal ini diperparah oleh pengalihan jam operasional kerja industri ke hari Sabtu dan Minggu, sekali sebulan. Semua industri di Jawa-Bali wajib menaati, dan sanksi bakal dikenakan bagi industri yang membandel. Dengan alasan klasik, PLN berdalih pemadaman dilakukan akibat defisit daya listrik yang semakin parah karena adanya gangguan pasokan batubara pembangkit utama di sistem kelistrikan Jawa-Bali, yaitu di pembangkit Tanjung Jati, Paiton Unit 1 dan 2, serta Cilacap. Namun, di saat yang bersamaan terjadi juga permasalahan serupa untuk pembangkit berbahan bakar minyak (BBM) PLTGU Muara Tawar dan PLTGU Muara Karang.Dikarenakan PT. PLN memonopoli kelistrikan nasional, kebutuhan listrik masyarakat sangat bergantung pada PT. PLN, tetapi mereka sendiri tidak mampu secara merata dan adil memenuhi kebutuhan listrik masyarakat. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan banyaknya daerah-daerah yang kebutuhan listriknya belum terpenuhi dan juga sering terjadi pemadaman listrik secara sepihak sebagaimana contoh diatas. Kejadian ini menyebabkan kerugian yang tidak sedikit bagi masyarakat, dan investor menjadi enggan untuk berinvestasi.

Contoh Kasus Oligopoli : 

Persaingan Pada Pasar Oligopoli, Kasus: Industri Chip MicroprocessorKebutuhan terhadap microprocessor berkorelasi positif dengan pertumbuhan permintaan terhadap PC. Hal ini dapat dipahami karena pada dasarnya microprocessor merupakan mesin utama dari PC. Sementara teknik pembuatan komputer semakin mudah karena dukungan modularisasi, dan hal ini menghilangkan entry barrier bagi pendatang baru untuk memasuki bisnis perakitan komputer, di pihak lain teknologi pembuatan chip microprocessor semakin kompleks, membutuhkan investasi tinggi dan pada akhirnya hanya sedikit pemain yang dapat bertahan. Dengan demikian struktur pasar yang terbentuk merupakan pasar kompetisi sempurna di hilir (produksi PC), dan oligopoli di hulu (produksi microprocessor).Saling ketergantungan (inter-dependensi) terjadi antara produsen PC dan microprocessor. Hal inilah yang menjadi latar belakang terjadinya strategi aliansi antara Intel di satu pihak dengan para produsen PC di pihak lain. Intel mengawali strategi ini pada tahun 1980 ketika melakukan lock-in dengan IBM mengalahkan Motorola sebagai pesaing terkuatnya pada waktu itu. Strategi ini dimaksudkan untuk memperluas pangsa pasar secepat mungkin. Selain itu, upaya menciptakan standar baru dalam teknologi PC juga diluncurkan Intel untuk menjawab kondisi pasar yang masih terbelah (fragmented). Standar dimaksud adalah arsitektur terbuka (open architecture) di mana PC dapat menggunakan software dan komponen yang dapat dibeli dari berbagai sumber.Strategi aliansi terus dikembangkan dengan produsen PC lain seperti Compaq, Dell, Acer, Toshiba, dan lain sebagainya. Motto yang digunakan untuk sekaligus menutup peluang masuknya pesaing adalah Intel Inside. Suatu upaya kompetisi monopolistik yang sangat berhasil. Selain dengan produsen PC, Intel juga menjalin kerjasama dengan Microsoft guna membuka peluang bisnis baru.Menyusul kemenangan dalam membuat standar baru PC, Intel melakukan kampanye pemasaran yang agresif untuk mengalahkan Motorola, pesaing utamanya. Pada periode ini, produk AMD belum dikenal luas dan oleh karenanya belum dianggap sebagai pesaing kuat. Ketika sukses mulai diraih, Intel justru membuat keputusan strategik meninggalkan produksi DRAM dan fokus hanya pada membuat microprocessor. Keputusan ini bukan merupakan arahan strategik dari manajemen senior tetapi merupakan kebulatan tekad para manajer tingkat menengah (Collis & Pisano, 2002).Keunggulan Intel, didukung pula oleh strategi operasional berupa komitmen untuk melayani semua kebutuhan industri PC. Intel mengubah proses internal dengan mengoperasikan semua fabs secara simultan, dan memanfaatkan kerja sama dengan pemasok dalam suatu industrial cluster. Produktivitas dan efisiensi menjadi sasaran yang berhasil dicapai dengan strategi ini. Pergulatan menghadapi berbagai tantangan membawa Intel berhasil melakukan tranformasi pasar komputer dari vertical alignment yang berbasis teknologi proprietary menjadi horizontal alignment dengan standar terbuka.Di pihak lain, AMD sebagai pendatang baru perlahan tapi pasti beranjak dari posisi tidak dikenal berubah menjadi pesaing kuat yang diperhitungkan eksistensinya. AMD lebih dikenal sebagai follower dan bahkan sementara pihak mengatakan produk AMD sebagai tiruan (clone) dari produk Intel. Peran AMD dalam evolusi bisnis microprocessor sungguh penting. Selain menjadi alternatif bagi produk Intel, sehingga dominasi Intel menjadi berkurang, AMD juga menjadi contoh keberhasilan dapat diraih dengan keteguhan mewujudkan visi, ketekunan melahirkan inovasi, dan kedisplinan melaksanakan strategi.

Sumber : 
http://dodyserizawa.blogspot.com/2011/11/contoh-kasus-6-etika-bisnis-dalam.html

http://id.shvoong.com/social-sciences/economics/2099374-pengertian-oligopoli/

http://maswig.blogspot.com/2007/06/persaingan-pada-pasar-oligopoli-kasus.html

https://zonegirl.wordpress.com/2012/01/06/pengertian-monopoli-dan-oligopoli/